Smart cities use a combination of the internet of things (IoT) devices, software solutions, user interfaces (UI), and communication networks.

The IoT is a network of connected devices, such as vehicles, sensors, or home appliances, that can communicate and exchange data. Data collected and delivered by the IoT sensors and tools are stored in the cloud or on servers. The connection of these devices and the use of data analytics (DA) facilitates the convergence of the physical and digital city elements, thus improving both public and private sector efficiency, enabling economic benefits and improving citizen's lives.